The
English translation here has been released to the public domain by its author.
The paragraph divisions and titles have been added by the translator for the
convenience of the reader. Items in square [ ] brackets are either translations
of those in the same in the Latin text, or the Latin words corresponding to the
English words. Items in round ( ) brackets are terms implicit in the Latin
syntax or which are required for clarity in English, added by the English
translator. Footnotes have been added by the English translator.
Clara Claris Praeclara
The Bull of Pope Alexander IV, Bishop servant of the servants of God on the canonization of St. Clare of Assisi, co-foundress of the Poor Clares
Agnani: Sept. 26. 1255 A.D.
[Alexander,
Bishop, Servant of the servants of God,] To Our venerable brothers, the
Archbishops and Bishops established throughout the Kingdom of France, [health
and apostolic benediction]:
Clare outstandingly clear with clear merits,1 in Heaven with the clarity of great glory, and on
Earth with the splendor of sublime miracles, is clearly clear. Here this
Clare's strict and high Religion2 twinkles
[coruscat], above the greatness of this one's eternal reward radiates, this
one's virtue by magnificent signs, begins to shine [illucescit] upon mortals.
To this Clare there was entitled here the Privilege of most high poverty;3 to this one there is repaid in the highest an
inestimable abundance of treasures; to this one by Catholics a full devotion
and a heap [cumulus] of honor is exhibited. This Clare did her shining
[fulgida] works here mark out, this Clare the plenitude of Divine Light on high
does clarify, this one to the Christian peoples do the stupendous (works) of
her prodigies declare.
The Brilliance of St. Clare
§2. O Clare, endowed in a manifold manner with
titles of clarity! Before thy conversion (thou were) indeed clear, in thy
conversion clearer, in thy comportment in the cloister [in claustrali
conversatione] outstandingly clear, and after having run down the space of thy
present life thou has begun to shine as most clear! By this Clare a clear
mirror of example goes forth to this generation [saeculo]; by this one the lily
of virginity is offered among the heavenly amenities; by this one throughout
the lands [in terris] are the manifest remedies of interventions [subventionum]
sensed. O clarity of blessed Clare to be admired, which as much as it is sought
more studiously through individual examples [per singula], so much more
splendid is it found among individual examples [in singulis]! This one gleamed [emicuit],
I say, in the world [saeculo], in Religion she outshone [praefulsit]; in her
house she enlightened [illuxit] as a ray, in the cloister she flashed
[pcoruscavit] as lightning. She gleamed in life, after death she irradiates;
she was clear on Earth, in the sky she shines back [relucet]! O how great the
vehemence of the light [lumen] of this one and how vehement the illumination of
this clarity of hers! This light [lux], indeed, remained enclosed in secret
cloisters, and outside it emitted sparkling [micantes] rays; it was gathered
together in a strict convent [arcto coenobio], and it was sprinkled upon the
entire age [in amplo saeculo]; it was guarded within, and it flowed forth
outside. For indeed, Clare lay hidden, but her life lay open; Clare was silent,
but her fame shouted out; she was concealed in her cell and she was known among
cities. Nor (is it) wonderful; because a light [lucerna] so enkindled, so
lightsome [lucens], could not be hidden away so as to not shine [spenderet] and
give a clear light in the house of the Lord;4 nor
could a vessel of so many aromatics be put back and not fragrance and
resprinkle the Lord's mansion with a sweet odor. Nay, since in the narrow
recluse of solitude this one harshly ground down the alabaster of her body, the
whole court [aula] of the Church has been filled full in every manner with the
odors of her sanctity.5
How St. Clare forsook the world
§3. In a healthy manner, when she, while she was
still a girl in the world, studied to leap over this fragile and unclean world
from a tender age by means of a clean, narrow path [calle], and guarding the
precious treasure of her virginity by a sense of shame, always unspotted,
vigilantly stretched unto works of clarity and piety, so much that there came
forth from her a pleasing and praiseworthy report [fama] to her neighbors and
others, blessed Francis, having heard the public commendation [praeconio] of
her fame, undertook with complete haste [confestim] to exhort her, and to
induce her to the perfect service of Christ. Who, thereupon adhering to his
sacred warnings, and desiring to abdicate thoroughly [penitus] the world with
all earthly things, and to serve as a family member [famulari] the Lord alone
in voluntary poverty, she fulfilled this her fervent desire, as soon as she
could: because at last she distributed and converted all her goods, as she
counted out of reverence to Christ whatever else she had as one thing with
herself, into alms and subsidies for the poor.6
And when fleeing the clatter of the world [de saeculi strepitu], she went down
to a certain country [campestrem] church,7 and
by blessed Francis himself, there received the sacred tonsure, she processed to
another church), with her relatives growing soft [molientibus] to lead her back
(home) from that place, she, immediately embracing the altar, and grasping her
clothes, having uncovered the sheering [incisura] of the hair of her head,
strongly and steadily resisted the same relatives in this. Then when she had
been brought by the same blessed Francis to the church of San Damiano, outside
the city of Assisi, where she was born [unde traxit originem], there the Lord
for the love and assiduous cult of His Name gathered to her very many
associates.
St. Clare founds the Order of
St. Damiano
§4. From this, indeed, distinguished and sacred
Order of San Damiano, spread far throughout the whole globe, one takes up a
salutary exordium. She, by the exhorting of blessed Francis himself, gave a
start, that must be followed, [sequendum initium] to this new and holy
observance; she of this great Religion was the primary and stable foundation;
she of this high work stood forth8 as its
primitive stone. She of a noble family, but of a more noble comportment,
conserved in an outstanding manner [praecipue] the virginity, which she had
also previously guarded, under this rule of sanctimony. After a while her
mother, Hortulana by name, intent on pious works, by following the footsteps of
her own newborn [ipsius natae], devoutly undertook this Religion; in which at
last this optimum little garden [hortulana], which brought forth such a plant
in the Lord's garden, happily concluded her days.
The Brilliance of St. Clare as
Foundress
§5. But after a few years, blessed Clare herself,
having been overcome by the exceeding importunity of the same St. Francis,
received the government of the monastery and the Sisters. She, indeed, was the
tall and eminent tree,9 which, having spread out
with long branches, brought into the field of the Church the sweet fruit of a
Religion, and to whose delightful shade, under10
its amenity there would run together from all sides many nurslings of the
faith, (who) were to offer fruit of this kind, and do they run! She was the
clean vein of the Valley of Spoleto, which gave a new fount of living water11 as drink for the refection and convenience of
souls; which, diverted now through diverse rivulets in the territory of the
Church, infuses the young trees [plantaria] of Religion. She was the tall
candelabra of sanctity vehemently shining red [rutilans] in the tabernacle of
the Lord,12 to whose vast [ingentem] splendor
very many women hastened and do hasten, enkindling their own lamps from that
light [lumine].13 She as a result [profecto]
planted and cultivated in the field of the Faith the vine of poverty, from
which the fatty and rich fruits of salvation are gathered; she established in
the praesidium of the Church a garden of humility, in which, having twined
together those poor in a manifold of things, there is found a great abundance
of virtues; She in the occupation [districtu] of Religion constructed
[fabricavit] a citadel of strict14 abstinence,
in which there is ministered a broad refection of spiritual nourishment.
The Brilliance of St. Clare's
Virtues
§6. She was the princess [primiceris] of the poor,
the duchess [ducissa] of the humble, the teacher of the continent, and the
Abbess of the penitent. She governed her monastery, and the family entrusted to
her in it, solicitly and prudently in the fear and service of the Lord and in
the full observance of the Order: vigil in care, in ministry studious, in
exhortation attentive; diligent in admonition, in correction moderate,
temperate in precepts; in compassion outstanding, discrete in silence, in
speech mature, and well considered in all the things opportune to a perfect
government, willing more to serve as a family member [famulari] than to rule as
a lord [dominari], and to honor than to be taken up in honor. Her life was an
education [eruditio] and a doctrine to others. In this book of life15 all the other (sisters) learned the rule for
living; in this mirror of life the rest (of women learn) to inspect the paths
to life. For indeed she caused herself in body to stand on Earth, but in spirit
she was turned unto the sky; a little vessel of humility, an armoire [armarium]
of chastity, an ardor of charity, a sweetness of benignity, an oak-strength of
patience, a knot of peace and a communion of familiarity: meek in work, supple
in deed, and in all things lovable and accepted. And, with the flesh depressed,
to convalesce in spirit — because anyone, with their enemy debilitated, is made
the stronger — she kept [habebat] the floor bare and brushwood for a bed, and
for a pillow under her head hard wood, and content with one tunic with a mantle
of vile, despised and rough cloth. These humble garments did she use for the
covering of her body, a sharp cilice woven from little cords of horse hair [de
cordulis crinium equorum] sometimes employed next to the flesh. Strict too in
food and in drink severe [districta], she curbed herself with so great an
abstinence in these, that for a long time for three days a week, namely,
Monday, Wednesday and Friday, she tasted nearly nothing for her body,
nevertheless on the rest of the days restricting herself to such an extent with
a paucity of foods, that the other (sisters) use to wonder about her, in what
manner she could subsist under so strong a withdrawal [districtione]. Over and
above these, dedicated assiduously to vigils and prayers, she expended day and
night-time chiefly in these. At last perplexed with daily languors, when she
could not rise by herself to corporal exertion [exercitium], she was raised by
the suffrage of her Sisters and, having placed supports at her back, she worked
with her own hands,, lest even in her infirmities she be idle [otiosa]. Whence
from linen cloth of this 16 her own study and
labor, she caused very many corporals for the Sacrifice of the Altar to be
made, and to be employed throughout the plains and mountains of Assisi in
diverse churches.
St. Clare's love of holy
Poverty
§7. But a chief lover and sedulous column of
poverty; thus did she affix it in her soul, thus did she bind herself to it in
her desires, that always more firmer in its love [dilectione] and more ardent
in its embrace, from its severe and delightful bond she never stepped back for
any necessity. Nor could she in a straightforward manner [prorsus] be induced
by any persuasions to consent, that her monastery have its own possessions,
even though Pope Gregory, our predecessor of happy memory, from much indulgence
thinking piously of this very monastery, had freely willed to depute to it, for
the sustenance of her Sisters, possessions sufficient and congruous.
The Miracles of St. Clare
§8. Truly, because a great and splendid window
cannot be concealed [luminare supprimi], and not bring forth the rays of its
clarity, even in her life did the virtue of her sanctity shine out in many and
various miracles. For to a certain one of the Sisters of her monastery, she
restored the voice, which she had for a long time almost entirely lost. To
another, thoroughly destitute of the use [officio] of the tongue, she restored
unencumbered [expeditam] speech. To another she opened a deaf ear to hearing.
Having made the sign of the Cross upon them,17
she liberated one laboring under fever, one swelling with hydropsy, one plagued
with a fistula and others oppressed by languors. A certain friar of the Order
of Minors she healed from the suffering of insanity. Moreover when at a certain
time [quadam vice] the olive oil in the monastery totally failed, she herself,
having called the Friar who has been deputed to the same monastery for the
gathering of alms, accepted a jug [urceum] and washed it, and placed it empty
next to the doors [fores] of the monastery, so that the same Friar might bear
it off for acquiring olive oil; who when he wanted to take it, found it filled
with oil, by the benefice of a divine largess. Again, when one day not but one
half of a loaf of bread was had in the monastery for the refection of the
Sisters, she herself ordered the same half-loaf to be divided in vain and
dispensed to the Sisters; which among the hands of the one breaking it, He who
is the Living Bread and who gives food to those who are hungry,18 multiplied it unto so much, that there was made
from it portions sufficient for fifty, and it was distributed for the Sisters
reclining at table [discumbentibus].19 Through
these and other conspicuous signs, He marked out, while she still lived, the
pre-eminence of her merits. For even when she was in her last moments [in
extremis ageret], the brilliant white company of blessed Virgins, ornamented
with sparkling crowns, among whom one of them appeared more eminently and more
shiningly, was seen to enter the house, where the same family of Christ use to
recline at table, and even unto her small bed [lectulum] to proceed, and as if
to exhibit about her the office of visiting and the solace of comforting, with
a certain zeal for human kindness [humanitatis studio].
But after her passing, a certain man, who having
fallen sick grew worse [morbo caduco ruebat] and on account of a contracted
shin bone could not walk, was brought to her sepulchre: there, with the shin
bone itself making a sound as if of breaking, he was cured of each infirmity.
Those bent-over at the kidneys, contracted in members, quick to fall headlong
into a rage and wild men, demented by fury, received in that place a complete
cure [integram sospitatem]. A certain man's own right hand — the very use of
which he had thus lost out of a vehement percussion brought upon him — because
he could do entirely nothing by means of it, just as if it were, in a word,
useless, was reformed in a full manner to its pristine acting, by the merits of
the Saint herself. Another, who by a long-termed [diutina] blindness has lost
the light of his eyes, when he had approached the same sepulchre under the
guiding [ducatu] of another, having recovered his sight in that place, returned
from that place without a guide [duce]. In these and how very many other works
and glorious miracles is this venerable Virgin resplendent, so that there
evidently appears fulfilled that which her very own mother, while she was
pregnant with her and was praying, is said to have heard: that she was going to
bear a certain light [lumen], which would light up the globe in very many ways
[orbem plurimum illustraret].
The Act of Canonization
§9. And so, let Mother Church rejoice, that She
has born and educated such a daughter, who as a parent fecund with virtues, has
produced many nurselings of (this) Religion as Her own examples, and has
informed them to the perfect service of Christ by Her full magisterium. Let the
devout crowd of the faithful also be glad, that the King of Heaven and (their)
Lord, has introduced their sister and companion, whom He had chosen as His own
spouse, to His palace, outstandingly excelling [praecelsus] and outstandingly
clear with glory.20 For the marching armies
[agmina] of the Saints rejoice also together, that in their supernal fatherland
the nuptials of a new royal spouse are celebrated. All the rest, because it is
fitting as, she whom the Lord has exalted in the sky, the Catholic Church
venerate on Earth, that from the sanctity and miracles of her life, having been
reviewed [praemisssis] by a diligent and attentive inquisition and a distinct
examination and a solemn discussion, She plainly establish: even though
otherwise, both in near and in remote parts, they would also be sufficient
beforehand; her acts having been lucidly known: We from the common counsel and
assent of our brother (Cardinals) and of all prelates, at that time present at
the Apostolic See, having drawn confidence [confisi] from the Divine
Omnipotence, by the authority of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul, and Our
own, we direct that the same is to inscribed in the catalogue of holy Virgins.
The Feast of St. Clare
§10. And for that reason we warn and exhort all of
you attentively through apostolic mandates written by Us, to this extent that
on the second day before the Ides of August you celebrate devoutly and solemnly
the feast of the same Virgin and cause it to be celebrated by your subjects in
a venerable manner, so that you may merit to have her before God as your pious
and sedulous adjutrix. And so that the multitude of the Christian people might
flow to venerate her sepulchre in a more avid and copious manner, her festivity
be also thoroughly honored with greater crowds [celebrius percolatur], to all
[truly penitent and confessed], who come to it with reverence on the feast of
the same Virgin, and/or who might even approach yearly during the octave days
of her feast, having confided humbly in her suffrages, We do, by the mercy of
the Omnipotent God and by the authority of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul,
loosen them one year and forty days [from the penances enjoined upon them].
[Given at Anagni, the sixth day before the Calends
of October, in the first year of our pontificate.]
1 Here the Latin praeclara signifies clear before all others, or in
other words outstandingly clear, which translation will be followed throughout.
Being outstandingly clear [praeclaritas] is a mark of the heavenly Jerusalem:
cf. Ps. 47:2.
2 Religion, that is religious institute. This was the common term for
a religious order in the 13th Century; cf. Writings of St. Francis.
3 The Privilege of most high poverty was the permission obtained from
the Roman Pontiff for the sisters of S. Damiano to live without community
property.
4 Here the editors cite Mt. 5:14-15.
5 Here the latin editors cite Mt. 26:7, Jn. 13:3.
6 Here the latin editors cite Lk. 12:33; 18:22.
7 St. Mary of the Angeles of the Portiuncula, which at that time lay
among the fields below the city-state of Assisi.
8 There the text reads extitit [stood out], that is exstitit [stood
out].
9 Here the editors cite Dan. 4:8.
10 Here the editors cite Cant. 2:3.
11 Here the editors cite Ester 10:6.
12 Here the editors cite Hebr. 9:2.
13 Here the editors cite Mt. 25:7.
14 Here the text reads strict [artae] instead of strict [arctae].
15 Here the editors cite Apoc. 21:27.
16 Here the editors refer to 1 Cor 4:12.
17 That is, her Sisters.
18 Here the editors cite Jn. 6:41 ;Ps. 145:7.
19 Here the editors cite Lk. 9:14-16.
20 Here the editors cite Cant. 1,3; Mat. 22,2.
