ENCYCLICAL LETTER OF HIS HOLINESS PIUS XII BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE POPE
TO OUR VENERABLE BRETHREN THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS, BISHOPS
AND OTHER ORDINARIES IN PEACE AND COMMUNION WITH THE APOSTOLIC SEE ON MOTION
PICTURES, RADIO AND TELEVISION
INTRODUCTION
Those very remarkable technical inventions which
are the boast of the men of our generation, though they spring from human
intelligence and industry, are nevertheless the gifts of God, Our Creator, from
Whom all good gifts proceed: "for He has not only brought forth creatures,
but sustains and fosters them once created".1
Of these inventions, some increase and multiply
the strength and power of men; others improve their conditions of life; while
others - and these particularly concern the mind - reach the mass of the people
themselves, either directly or through the pictures and sounds they produce,
and convey to them in a form easy to understand, the news, thoughts and usages
of every nation, and by these means provide, as it were, food for the mind
especially during the hours of rest and recreation.
With regard to this last type of invention, in our
own age the greatest impetus has been received by the arts connected with
Motion Pictures, Radio and Television.
REASONS FOR THE CHURCH'S
INTEREST
From the time when these arts first came into use,
the Church welcomed them, not only with great joy, but also with a motherly
care and watchfulness, having in mind to protect Her children from every
danger, as they set out on this new path of progress.
This watchful care springs from the mission She
has received from the Divine Saviour Himself ; for, as is clear to all, these
new forms of art exercise very great influence on the manner of thinking and
acting of individuals and of every group of men.
There is, in addition, another reason why the
Church considers a matter of this kind to be particularly Her concern: Hers is
the duty, and for a much stronger reason than all others can claim, of
announcing a message to every man: this is the message of eternal salvation; a
message unrivalled in its richness and power, a message, in fine, which all men
of every race and every age must accept and embrace, according to the saying of
the Apostle of the Gentiles: "To me, the least of all the saints, is given
this grace, to preach among the gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ, and
to enlighten all men that they may see what is the mystery which hath been
hidden from eternity in God, who created all things".2
PREVIOUS PAPAL UTTERANCES
It is therefore not surprising that they who
exercise the supreme authority of the Church, have treated of this important
matter with the intention of providing for the eternal salvation of those who
are "not redeemed with corruptible things of gold and silver... but with
the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb unspotted and undefiled";3 and they have weighed carefully all the questions
with which Motion Pictures, Radio, and Television today confront Christians.
More than twenty years have passed since Our
predecessor of happy memory, Pius XI, making use of "the remarkable invention
of Marconi", issued the first message by Radio "to all nations and to
every creature".4
A few years later, this same predecessor of Ours
sent to the Hierarchy of the United States of America that memorable Encyclical
Letter entitled Vigilanti Cura.5 In that letter,
while giving wise principles concerning films, adapted to existing needs, he
said this: "Here is a matter for which immediate provision is absolutely
necessary: we must ensure that all progress made, by God's favour, both in
human knowledge and in technical skill, shall in practice so serve God's glory,
the salvation of souls and the extension of Christ's kingdom, that we all, as
the Church bids us pray, may so pass through temporal goods that we may not
lose what is eternal." 6
And We Ourselves, in the course of Our Supreme
Pontificate, have often, when opportunity offered, dealt with this same
question, giving appropriate directives not only to Bishops, but also to
various branches of Catholic Action and to Christian educators. And, further,
We have gladly admitted to Our presense those whose special profession it is to
practise the art of the Motion Pictures or Radio or Television. To these, after
We have made clear Our admiration for the notable progress they have achieved
in those arts, We have pointed out the obligations by which each is bound; and
at the same time, beside the great merit they have won, We set out the dangers
into which they can easily fall, and the high ideals which ought to enlighten
their minds and direct their wills.
We have also, as you know, taken steps to set up
in the Roman Curia a special Commission,7 whose
task it is to make careful study of the various questions connected with Motion
Pictures, Radio and Television which touch on the Catholic Faith and Christian
morals. From this Commission, Bishops and all other interested parties can
expect to obtain appropriate directives.
Very often We Ourselves have made use of the
modern remarkable inventions by which We can unite the worldwide flock with its
Supreme Pastor, so that Our voice, passing in sure and safe flight over the
expanse of sea and land and even over the troubled emotions of souls, may reach
men's minds with a healing influence, in accordance with the demands of the
task of the supreme apostolate, confided to Us and today extended almost
without limit.8
RESULTS OF THE PAPAL TEACHING
We are not a little comforted since We know that
the addresses on this subject, both Our own and those of Our late predecessor
of happy memory, Pius XI, have had considerable influence in directing the arts
of Motion Pictures, Radio and Television to the task of recalling men to the
pursuit of the perfection of their individual souls, and thus, to the promotion
of God's glory.
For, by your diligent and watchful care, Venerable
Brethren, the initiative was given to works by which an apostolate on these
lines was not only encouraged in individual dioceses and nations, but also
embraced whole peoples by means of united efforts and plans.
Not a few statesmen as well as those who are
engaged in the professions or in business, and most of those, Catholic and non-Catholic
alike, who attend shows of this kind, gave evidence of their sane thinking on
this important matter; and, at the cost of trouble and even material loss, made
efforts that not only the dangerous evils should be avoided, but that the
sacred commandments of God should be obeyed and the dignity of the human person
kept safe.
Yet We must, alas, repeat that sentence of the
Apostle of the Gentiles: "Not all obey the Gospel";9 for, in this matter, there are not wanting those who
neither understand nor recognise the teaching function of the Church; some even
oppose it by every possible means. They are, as you know, those who are moved
by an inordinate desire for gain; or, deceived by errors, they do not have a
balanced view on human dignity and freedom; or finally, they give full
acceptance to a false opinion about the real meaning of art.
Though the manner of acting of these men fills Our
mind with grief, yet We cannot fail in Our duty and turn aside from the right
path; We hope that there will be said likewise of Us, those words which His
enemies used of Our Divine Redeemer: "We know that thou art a true
speaker, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any
man".10
REASONS FOR THIS LETTER
Just as very great advantages can arise from the
wonderful advances which have been made in our day, in technical knowledge
concerning Motion Pictures, Radio and Television, so too can very great
dangers.
For these new possessions and new instruments
which are within almost everyone's grasp, introduce a most powerful influence
into men's minds, both because they can flood them with light, raise them to
nobility, adorn them with beauty, and because they can disfigure them by
dimming their lustre, dishonour them by a process of corruption, and make them
subject to uncontrolled passions, according as the subjects presented to the
senses in these shows are praiseworthy or reprehensible.11
In the past century, advancing technical skill in
the field of business frequently had this result: machines, which ought to
serve men, when brought into use, rather reduced them to a state of slavery and
caused grievous harm. Likewise today, unless the mounting development of
technical skill, applied to the diffusion of pictures, sounds and ideas, is
subjected to the sweet yoke of the law of Christ,12
it can be the source of countless evils, which appear to be all the more
serious, because not only material forces but also the mind are unhappily
enslaved, and man's inventions are, to that extent, deprived of those advantages
which, in the design of God's Providence, ought to be their primary purpose.13
Consequently, since We, as a father, have daily
pondered with ever greater anxiety, the essential nature of this problem and
have considered the salutary benefits - so far as films are concerned - which
have resulted during more than two decades from the Encyclical Letter Vigilanti
cura, yielding to the petitions of the Bishops and those laymen who make a
study of these arts, We wish by this letter to give directives and instructions
with regard to both sound broadcasting and television.
Therefore, after We have made earnest prayer to
God, and sought the help of His Virgin Mother, We address you, Venerable
Brethren, whose wise pastoral care is well known to Us, with a view not only to
setting forth clearly the Christian doctrine in this matter, but to undertaking
suitable plans and initiatives. And so, with all the force at Our command, We
desire to impress upon you how the flock, committed to the care of each one,
should be protected against any errors and harm from whatever source, which the
use of the arts under discussion can introduce - with serious risk - to the
practices of Christian life.
1. GENERAL INSTRUCTION
PUBLICISING CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE
We are aware that each of these three arts of the
Motion Pictures, Radio and Television, in fostering the development of mind and
spirit, sets its own special problems to be solved in the field not only of the
arts, but of technology and economics. But before We deal with the particular
questions affecting each, We think it right to outline briefly the principles
which concern the diffusion to the greatest possible extent, of the benefits
which are destined both for human society in general and for individual
citizens.
THE "GOOD SEED"
Since God is the supreme Good, He at all times
pours out His gifts on men who are objects of His special loving care. Of these
gifts, some are to assist the material life on earth, but others concern the
spirit; and, clearly, the former are subject to the latter in much the same way
as the body should be subject to the soul with which, before God can
communicate Himself by the beatific vision, He is united by faith and charity
which "is poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Ghost who is given to
us".14
And further, since He longs to see in man the
image of His own perfection, 15 He even wills
him to be made a sharer in this supreme generosity, and has linked him with His
own activity as the proclaimer of those good tidings, making him become their
donor and dispenser to his brethren and to the whole human race. From the
beginning of time, it has been man's natural and normal tendency to share with
others the treasures of his mind by means of symbols whereby he daily tried to
develop a more perfect means of expressing his material problems. Thus, from
the drawings and inscriptions of the most ancient times down to the latest
technical devices, all instruments of human communication inevitably have as
their aim the lofty purpose of revealing men as in some way the assistants of
God.
Hence, in order that the plan of God's Providence
may be put more surely and fruitfully into effect, by virtue of Our Apostolic
authority, We constituted, in an Apostolic Letter 16
"the Archangel Gabriel, who brought to the human race the long-desired
news of man's Redemption, heavenly patron" of those arts by which men can
employ electrical forces to transcribe words at very great speed to others at a
distance, can hold converse from places widely apart, send messages by
wireless, and view pictures of objects and events brought before them as if
they were immediate spectators, though they are, in fact, far away.17 For, when We made choice of this heavenly patron,
it was Our intention that all employed in these arts might fully understand the
nobility of the task entrusted to them, for into their hands have been placed
these useful instruments by which the priceless treasures of God may be spread
among men like good seed which bring forth fruits of truth and goodness.
"EVIL SEED"
For as We consider those honourable and lofty
purposes to which this technical skill should be directed, the question
presents itself: why do these same arts sometimes become the means, and, as it
were, the paths leading to evil? "Whence then hath it cockle?"18
All evil, of course, which is opposed to right
moral principles, cannot have its origin in God, Who is complete and absolute
Good; nor does it come from the techniques themselves, which are His precious
gifts. It can be only from the fact that man, endowed as he is with free will,
can abuse those gifts, namely, by committing and multiplying evil, and thus
associating himself with God's enemy, the prince of darkness: "An enemy
hath done this".19 Consequently true human
liberty demands that we use, and share with others, all these resources which
can contribute to the strengthening and perfecting of our nature.
TRUE FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION
But since the Church is the teacher of the
doctrine which leads to salvation, and has all that is necessary for the
attainment of holiness, She is exercising an inviolable right when She teaches
what has been committed to Her by divine command. It ought to be the duty of
all public officials to recognise this sacred right, with the result that She
should be given ready access to those arts by which She may spread truth and
virtue.
Indeed, all true and active sons of the Church,
since they recognise the priceless gift of the Redemption, are bidden to
ensure, to the extent of their power, that the Church may use these technical
discoveries in so far as they may assist the sanctification of souls.
Yet when We assert and claim these rights for the
Church, it is not Our desire to deny to the State the right of spreading by the
same means, that news and those teachings which are really necessary or useful
for the common good of human society.
And further, let it be permitted even to
individual citizens - due regard being paid to actual circumstances and the
safeguarding of principles which promote the common good - to contribute
according to their capacity to the enriching and development of their own and
others' intellectual and spiritual culture.
ERRORS CONCERNING FREEDOM OF
COMMUNICATION
Contrary, however, to Christian teaching and the
principal end of these arts is the will and intention of those who desire to
use these inventions exclusively for the advancement and propagation of
political measures or to achieve economic ends, and who treat Our noble aim as
if it were a mere business transaction.
In like manner, approval cannot be given to the
false principles of those who assert and claim freedom to depict and propagate
anything at all, even though there has been established beyond dispute in these
past years both the kind and the extent of the damage to both bodies and souls
which has had its source in these principles. There is no question here of the
true liberty of which We have spoken above, but rather of an uncontrolled
freedom, which disregards all precautions, of communicating with others
anything at all, even though it be contrary to sound morals and can result in
serious danger to souls.
The Church encourages and supports everything
which truly concerns a fuller enrichment of the mind - for She is the patron
and fostermother of human knowledge and the noble arts; therefore She cannot
permit the violation of those principles and laws which direct and govern man
in his path to God, his final end. Let no one, then, be surprised if, in this
matter, where many reservations are necessary, the Church acts with due thought
and discretion, according to that saying of the Apostle: "But prove all
things: hold fast that which is good. From all appearance of evil refrain
yourselves".20
Those, therefore, are certainly to be blamed who
openly declare that public communication of matters which impede, or are
directly opposed to, principles of morality, should be encouraged and carried
out so long as the method is in accord with the laws of the liberal or
technical arts. In a short discourse, on the occasion of the fifth centenary of
the death of Fra Angelico, We recalled to the minds of Our hearers that
"it is true that an explicitly moral or religious function is not demanded
of art as art"; but "if artistic expression gives publicity to false,
empty and confused forms, - those not in harmony with the Creator's design; if,
rather than lifting mind and heart to noble sentiments, it stirs the baser passions,
it might, perhaps, find welcome among some people, but only by nature of its
novelty, a quality not always of value and with but slight content of that
reality which is possessed by every type of human expression. But such an art
would degrade itself, denying its primary and essential element: it would not
be universal and perennial as is the human spirit to which it is
addressed".21
COMPETENCE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY AND
OF THE ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY
Beyond all doubt, public administrators are
strictly bound to be watchful over these modern arts also: nor should they look
on this matter from a merely political standpoint, but also from that of public
morals, the sure foundation of which rests on the Natural Law, which, inspired
testimony assures us, is written in our hearts.22
It cannot be asserted that this watchful care of
the State's officials is an unfair limitation on the liberty of individual
citizens, for it is concerned with, not the private citizen as such, but rather
the whole of human society with whom these arts are being shared.
"We are well aware", as We have already
said on another occasion, "that there is a widespread opinion among men of
our time who are unreasonably intolerant of the intervention of public
authority, that censorship is to be preferred which comes directly from the
Industry itself";23 but though the persons
professionally engaged in these arts can, in a praiseworthy manner, support the
action of public officials and render ineffective the evils which can easily
damage true morality, yet those rules and safeguards which issue from the
former ought in no way to be opposed to the serious duty of the latter.
Hence, both Our late predecessor and We Ourselves
readily praised those who, in accordance with the task committed to them in
this sphere, published suitable safeguards and rules without in any way
prejudicing what belongs to the competence of public authority. For We think
that, then only can these new arts make their proper and natural contribution
to the right fashioning of the minds of those who use them, if the Church, the
State, and those engaged in these professions, pooling their resources in an
orderly way, cooperate with each other to secure the desired end; if the
opposite happens, i. e. if these arts, without set laws or any moral
safeguards, embark on a downward and uninhibited path, they will certainly
restrict the people's true development and weaken their morals.
SIGHT AND SOUND COMMUNICATION
Among the various technical arts which transmit
the ideas of men, those occupy a special place today, as We said, which
communicate as widely as possible news of all kinds to ears and eyes by means
of sounds and pictures.
This manner of spreading pictures and sounds, so
far as the spirit is concerned, is supremely adapted to the nature of men, as
Aquinas says: "But it is natural to man to come to things of the
understanding through things of sense ; for all our knowledge has its origin in
a sense".24 Indeed, the sense of sight, as
being more noble and more honourable than other senses,25
more easily leads to a knowledge of spiritual things.
Therefore, the three chief technical methods of
telecommunication, i. e. those of the Motion Pictures, Radio and Television,
deal not only with men's recreation and leisure - though many who
"listen-in" and view, seek this alone, - but especially with the
propagation of those subjects which, while aiding both mental culture and
spiritual growth, can powerfully contribute to the right training and shaping
of the civil society of our times.
Much more easily than by printed books, these
technical arts can assuredly provide opportunities for men to meet and unite in
common effort; and, since this purpose is essentially connected with the
advancement of the civilization of all peoples, the Catholic Church - which, by
the charge committed to it, embraces the whole human race - desires to turn it
to the extension and furthering of benefits worthy of the name.
Indeed, this should be the first aim of the arts
of the Motion Pictures, Radio and Television: to serve truth and virtue.
IN THE SERVICE OF TRUTH AND
VIRTUE
Let them be at the service of truth in such a way
that the bonds between peoples may become yet closer; that they may have a more
respectful understanding of each other; that they may assist each other in any
crisis: that, finally, there may be real cooperative effort between the State
officials and the individual citizens.
To be at the service of the truth demands not only
that all refrain from error, from lies, from deceit of all kinds, but also that
they shun everything that can encourage a manner of living and acting which is
false, imperfect, or harmful to another party.
But above all, let the truths, handed down by
God's revelation, be held sacred and inviolable. Rather, why should not these
noble arts strive particularly to this end, that they spread the teaching of
God and of His Son, Jesus Christ, "and instil into minds that Christian
truth which alone can provide the strength from above to the mass of men, aided
by which they may be able with calmness and courage, to overcome the crises and
endure the severe trials of the age in which we now live?" 26
Moreover, these new arts should not only serve the
truth, but also the perfecting of human life and morals. Let them make an
active contribution to this in the three ways We are now going to write about:
namely, in the news published, in the instruction imparted, in the shows
presented.
NEWS
News of any event, even if nothing but the bare
fact is related, has yet an aspect of its own which concerns morality in some
way. "This aspect, affecting human morals, must never be neglected ; for
news of any kind provokes a mental judgment and influences the will. The
news-reader who worthily fulfils his task, should crush no one by his words,
but try rather to understand and explain as best he can, the disasters reported
and the crimes committed. To explain is not necessarily to excuse; but it is to
suggest the beginning of a remedy, and consequently, to perform a task at once
positive and constructive".27
INSTRUCTION
What We have just written has doubtless more force
when it is a question of imparting instructions; documentary films, radio
broadcasts, and television for schools provide ideas and open up new
possibilities here, not only with regard to those who are still young, but also
with regard to those of mature years. Yet every precaution must be taken that
the instructions given are in no way contrary to the Church's teaching and its
sacred rights, or impede or frustrate the proper duty of educating the young
within the home circle.
Similarly, it is to be hoped that these new arts
of publicity, whether exercised by private citizens or controlled by rulers of
states, will not spread doctrines while suppressing all mention of God's name
and taking no account of His divine law.
However, We are fully aware, alas, that in some
nations amid which atheistic Communism is rampant, these methods of telecommunication
are directed in the schools to root out all religious ideas from the mind.
Indeed, anyone who considers this situation calmly and without prejudice,
cannot fail to see that the consciences of children and youths, deprived of
divine truth, are being oppressed in a new and subtle way, since they are
unable to learn that truth revealed by God, which, as our Redeemer declared,
makes us free;28 and that by this cunning method
a new attack is being made on religion.
But We earnestly desire, Venerable Brethren, that
these technical instruments, by which eyes and ears are easily and pleasantly
attracted to events happening far away, should be employed to a particular end,
namely, to provide men with a broader cultural background in the knowledge necessary
for the fulfilment of their duties, and above all, in Christian principles. If
these principles are neglected, there can be no progress worthy of the name,
even in merely human matters.29 We desire,
therefore, to pay due tribute of praise to all those who, whether by films or
sound broadcasting or television shows, direct their efforts towards this most
honourable goal.
SHOWS
Further, it must be noted that, apart from the
published news and the instructions delivered, these new arts can contribute
considerably towards the true good of men by shows as well.
The progammes have generally something which has
reference not only to entertaining men and giving them news, but also to the
training of their minds. With complete justice, then, Our predecessor of happy
memory, Pius XI, called the film theatres the "schools of events";30 for they can be called schools in this sense, that
the dramatic plot is joined with scenes in which the vivid pictures which are
portrayed by the moving light, are synchronised with sounds of voices and music
in a most fascinating manner, with the result that they reach not only the
intelligence and other faculties, but the whole man, and, in some way, link him
to themselves, and seem to sweep him into a participation in the plot
presented.
Although the arts of the Motion Pictures, Radio
and Television include, in some fashion, various types of spectacle already
long in use, yet each expresses a new product, and thus a new kind of spectacle
which is aimed not at a few chosen spectators, but at vast throngs of men, who
differ among themselves in age, way of life and culture.
MASS EDUCATION
In order, then, that, in such conditions, shows of
this kind may be able to pursue their proper object, it is essential that the
minds and inclinations of the spectators be rightly trained and educated, so
that they may not only understand the form proper to each of the arts, but also
be guided, especially in this matter, by a right conscience. Thus they will be
enabled to practise mature consideration and judgment on the various items
which the film or television screen puts before them, and not, as very frequently
happens, be lured and arbitrarily swept away by the power of their attraction.
If there is lacking this mental training and
formation, enlightened by Christian teaching, then neither reasonable pleasures
which "everyone readily admits are necessary for all who are involved in
the business and troubles of life",31 nor
the progress of mental development can be kept safe.
The sound policy of Catholics who have encouraged,
especially in recent years, the need to educate the spectators in this way, is
most praiseworthy; and several plans have been launched which aim at making
both youths and grown-ups willing to examine adequately and competently the
benefits and the dangers of these shows, and give a balanced decision on them.
This, however, should not provide an excuse for attending shows which are
contrary to right morals; rather, it ought to lead to pointing out and choosing
those only which are in accord with the Church's commandments on the grounds of
religion and of the moral law, and which follow the instructions issued by the
ecclesiastical Offices in this matter.
Provided these plans, in accordance with Our
hopes, correspond to pedagogical principles and right rules of mental
development, We not only give them Our approval, but also heartily commend them
; and thus We desire them to be introduced into every type of school, Catholic
Action groups, and parish societies.
Right training and education of the spectators in
this fashion will ensure, on the one hand, a lessening of the dangers which can
threaten harm to morals ; and, on the other hand, permit Christians, through
the new knowledge they acquire, to raise their minds to a contemplation of
heavenly truths.
While speaking on this point, We desire to praise
in a particular manner those preachers of the divine word who make right use
also of the means provided by Motion Pictures, Radio and Television to this
end. They are aware that they are in duty bound to preserve the integrity of
morals of those peoples to whom they minister and lead towards the path of
truth ; and thus they share with them the genuinely salutary benefits and
inventions which our times have introduced. We therefore desire that those who
wield authority, either in Church or State, should in a special way support the
activity and enterprise of these preachers.
ENTERTAINMENTS FOR YOUTH
Yet it must be noticed that, in exercising control
in this matter, the right training and education of the spectators, of which We
have spoken, is not in itself sufficient. Each of the shows must be suited and
adapted to the degree of intelligence of each age, the strength of their
emotional and imaginative response, and the condition of their morals.
This, indeed, assumes a very great importance
because sound radio and television shows, since they easily penetrate right
into the domestic circle, threaten to undermine the protective barriers by
which the education of the young must be kept safe and sound until such time as
advancing age gives the necessary strength to enable them to overcome the
buffetings of the world. For this reason, three years ago, We wrote thus to the
Bishops of Italy: "Should we not shudder if we reflect attentively that by
means of television shows, even within home surroundings all can inhale that
poisoned air of "materialistic" doctrines which diffuse notions of
empty pleasures and desires of all kinds, in the same way as they did over and
over again in cinema halls?"32
We are aware of the initiatives which have been
encouraged not only by public authorities but also by private groups who are
engaged in the education of youth; We mean those undertakings and plans by
which they make every possible effort to withdraw young people from those shows
which are unsuited to their age, though they are too often being attended, with
resulting serious harm. Whatever is being done in this praiseworthy cause, We
heartily approve; yet it must be noticed that, even more than the physiological
and psychological disturbances which can arise therefrom, those dangers must be
guarded against which affect the morals of youth, and which, unless turned
aside and forbidden in due season, can greatly contribute to the damage and
overthrow of human society itself.
Concerning this matter, We make a father's appeal
to the young so dear to Us, trusting that - since it is a question of
entertainment in which their innocence can be exposed to danger - they will be
outstanding for their Christian restraint and prudence. It is their grave
obligation to check and control that natural and unrestrained eagerness to see
and hear anything; and they must keep their mind free from immodest and earthly
pleasures and direct it to higher things.
THE WORK OF THE CHURCH -
NATIONAL OFFICES
Since the Church knows well that, from these new
arts which directly affect the eye and ear, very many benefits as well as very
many evils and dangers can arise, according as men make use of them, She
desires to perform her duty in this matter also - in so far as it concerns
directly, not culture in general, but religion in particular and the direction
and control of morals.33
With a view to carrying out this task more
fittingly and easily, Our predecessor of immortal memory, Pius XI, declared and
proclaimed that "it is absolutely essential for Bishops to set up a
permanent National Office of supervision whose business it would be to
encourage decent films, but to give to others a recognised classification, and
then to publish their judgment and make it known to priests and faithful";34 and that it was necessary, he added, that all
Catholic initiative with regard to the Motion Pictures be directed to an
honourable end.
In several countries, the Bishops, with these
directives before their eyes, decided to set up Offices of this kind not only
for matters connected with Motion Pictures, but also for Radio and Television.
As We consider, then, the spiritual advantages
which can spring from these technical arts, together with the need to protect
the integrity of Christian morals which such entertainments can easily
endanger, We desire that, in every country, if the Offices referred to do not
already exist, they be established without delay; these are to be entrusted to
men skilled in the use of these arts, with some priest, chosen by the Bishops,
as adviser.
Moreover, Venerable Brethren, We urge that in each
country, these Offices dealing with Motion Pictures, or Radio or Television
should depend on one and the same Committee, or at least, act in close
cooperation. At the same time, We urge the faithful, particularly those who are
vigorous members of Catholic Action, to be suitably instructed so that they may
perceive the need to give willingly to these Offices their united and effective
support.
And since there are a number of questions on this
subject not capable of easy explanation and solution in individual countries,
it will certainly be very useful if the National Offices of each country unite
into an International Association to which this Holy See, after due
consideration, will be able to give approval.
We have no doubt, Venerable Brethren, that you
will produce fruitful and salutary results from what you will do, at some cost
in toil and inconvenience, to obey these directives. But the result will be
more easily and aptly attained if the particular rules, which We are going to
set out in the course of this Encyclical Letter with regard to the Motion
Pictures, Radio and Television separately considered, are carefully put into
practice.
2. MOTION PICTURES
Motion Pictures, which came into existence some
sixty years ago, must today be numbered among the most important means by which
the ideas and discoveries of our times can be made known. Concerning their
various processes and their power of attraction, We have, when occasion
offered, already spoken.35 Out of this growth,
particularly in the case of films which reproduce a definite story expressed in
a vivid manner by pictures and sounds, there has also sprung up a great
industry in which not only craftsmen, labourers and technicians, but also
financial groups unite their activities; for private individuals cannot easily
carry through such an extensive and complex operation. Hence, in order that the
cinema may remain a worthy instrument by which men can be guided towards
salvation, raised to higher things, and become really better,36 it is absolutely necessary for each of those groups
just referred to, exercising a true sense of responsibility, to cooperate
readily with each other to produce and distribute films which can win approval.
To all those who practise vigilance and act
intelligently concerning film shows, We have already more than once made clear
the seriousness of the subject, while exhorting them to produce, in particular,
the kind of "ideal film" which can certainly contribute to a well
balanced education.37
Do you, Venerable Brethren, take a special
interest in seeing that, through the individual National Offices, which must be
subject to your authority, and about which We have written above, there shall
be imparted to the various classes of interested citizens information on the
matters to be viewed, - the advice and the directives by which, in accordance
with the different times and circumstances, this most noble art, which can so
much help the good of souls, may be as far as possible advanced.
FILM CLASSIFICATION
For this purpose, "let tables or lists be
composed and printed in a definite arrangement, in which films distributed
will, as frequently as possible, be listed so as to come to the notice of
all";38 and let this be done by a Committee
of reliable men, which will depend on each of your National Offices. These men,
of course, should be outstanding for their doctrine and practical prudence
since they have to pass judgment on each film according to the rules of
Christian morality.
We most earnestly exhort the members of this
Committee to devote in a suitable manner to these topics, deep and prolonged
study and devout prayer; for they have to deal with a most important matter
which is closely bound up with the Christian concept of life, and
consequently,they must have a sound knowledge of that power which is exerted by
the cinema, and which varies according to the different circumstances of the
spectators.
As often as they have to judge the moral aspect of
a cinema programme, they should attentively revise within themselves those
directives already many times given by Us, as occasion offered; and
particularly when We spoke of the "ideal film", of the points which
concern religion, and at the same time of representation of evil deeds: it
should never ignore or be opposed to human dignity, to the modesty of the home
surroundings, to holiness of life, to the Church of Jesus Christ, to human and
civil types of association.
Moreover, let them remember that the task allowed
to them of classifying and passing judgment on each film programme, aims
especially at giving clear and appropriate guidance to public opinion, with the
intention of leading all to value highly the rules and principles of morality,
without which the right development of minds and true civilization become
meaningless terms. Unquestionably, therefore, one must repudiate the manner of
acting of those who, from excessive indulgence, admit films which, for all
their technical brilliance, nevertheless offend right morals; or, though they
appear on the surface to conform to the moral laws, yet contain something which
is contrary to the Catholic Faith.
But if they have clearly and publicly indicated
which films can be seen by all, by the young, by adults; and those, on the
other hand, which are a moral danger to the spectators; and finally, those
which are entirely bad and harmful, then each will be able to attend those
films only, from which "they will come out with minds happier, freer and
better";39 and they will be able to avoid
those which can be harmful to them, and doubly so, of course, when they will
have been a means of gain for traffickers in evil things, and given bad example
to others.
Repeating the timely instructions which Our
predecessor of happy memory, Pius XI, published in his Encyclical Letter,
entitled Vigilanti Cura,40 We earnestly desire
that Christians be not only warned with care, as frequently as possible, on
this topic, but that they fulfil the grave obligation of acquainting themselves
with the decisions issued by Ecclesiastical Authority on matters connected with
Motion Pictures, and of faithfully obeying them. The Bishops, if they deem it
appropriate, will be able to set aside a special day each year devoted to this
matter, on which the faithful will be carefully instructed concerning their
duty, particularly with regard to Film shows, and urged to offer earnest
prayers to God about the same.
To make it easy for all to be familiar with these
decisions and to obey them, these directives, together with a short commentary
on them, must be published at some suitable time, and distributed as widely as
possible.
FILM CRITICISM
To this end, Catholic Film critics can have much
influence; they ought to set the moral issue of the plots in its proper light,
defending those judgments which will act as a safeguard against falling into
so-called "relative morality", or the overthrow of that right order
in which the lesser issues yield place to the more important.
Quite wrong, therefore, is the action of writers
in daily papers and in reviews, claiming to be Catholic, if, when dealing with
shows of this kind, they do not instruct their readers concerning the moral
position to be adopted.
THEATRE MANAGERS
There is a duty of conscience binding the
spectators who, each time they buy a ticket of admission, - as it were casting
a vote - make choice of good or bad motion pictures; a similar duty, and even
more so, binds those who manage movie theatres or distribute the films.
We are well aware of the magnitude of the
difficulties which today confront those engaged in the Motion Picture industry
because of - in addition to other considerations - the great increase in the
use of television. Yet, even when confronted by these difficult circumstances,
they must remember that they are forbidden in conscience to present film
programmes which are contrary to the Faith and sound morals, or to enter into
contracts by which they are forced to present shows of this kind. But since in
many countries, men engaged in this industry have bound themselves not to
exhibit, for any consideration, film programmes which might be harmful or evil,
We trust that the excellent initiative will spread to all parts of the world,
and that no catholic in cinema management will hesitate to follow such sane and
salutary proposals.
We must also utter a vigorous warning against the
display of commercial posters which ensnare or give scandal, even though, as
sometimes happens, such publicity refers to decent films. "Who can say
what harm is wrought in minds, especially of the young, by these pictures, what
base thoughts and impure pleasures are aroused, how much they contribute to the
corruption of public morals with consequent damage to the well-being of the
State itself?" 41
CATHOLIC HALLS
Consequently, in cinema halls subject to
ecclesiastical authority, since there have to be provided for the faithful, and
particularly for the young, shows which are suitable to upright training and in
keeping with the surroundings, it is clear that only those films may be
exhibited which are entirely beyond reproach.
Let the Bishops, keeping a watchful eye on these
halls, - including those of exempt religious, - to which the public has access,
warn all ecclesiastics on whom the responsibility falls, to observe faithfully
and exactly the rules laid down in these matters, and let them not be too much
taken up with their personal advantage if they wish to play their part in this
ministry which the Holy See considers of the highest importance. We especially
advise those who control these Catholic halls, to group themselves together -
as, with Our full approval and consent, has been done in a number of places -
the more effectively to put into practice the recommendations of the respective
National Offices, and support common advantages and policies.
FILM DISTRIBUTORS
The counsel which We have given to theatre
managers We wish to apply also to the distributors who, since they sometimes
contribute financially to the making of the actual films, have obviously a
greater opportunity and, consequently, are bound by a more serious obligation,
of giving their support to reputable films. For distribution cannot be in any
sense reckoned as a technical function of the business, since films - as We
have often stated - are not only to be regarded as articles for sale, but also,
and this is more important, to be considered as food for the mind and, as it
were, a means of spiritual and moral training for the ordinary people. So
distributors and hirers share to the same degree in merit and responsibility
according as something good or evil results from the screen.
ACTORS
Since, therefore, there is question of bringing
the Motion Picture industry into line with sounder policies, that is no slight
responsibility which rests on the actors; they, indeed, remembering their
dignity as human beings and as experienced artists, should know that they are
not permitted to lend their talents to parts in plays, or to be connected with
the making of films, which are contrary to sound morals. But an actor, having
gained a famous name by his talent and skill, ought to use that renown which he
has justly won in such a way that he inspires the mind of the public with noble
sentiments; in particular, he should remember to give a notable example of
virtue to others in his private life. When addressing professional actors on
one occasion in the past, We made this assertion: "Everyone can see that,
in the presence of a throng of people listening open-mouthed to your words,
appauding and shouting, your own feelings are stirred and filled with a certain
joy and exaltation".42 But if it can be
said that someone is fully justified in feeling these emotions, yet it does not
follow that Christian actors may accept from their audience expressions of
praise which savour of a type of idolatry, since, in this case also, Our
Saviour's words apply: "So let your light shine before men, that they may
see your good works, and glorify your Father Who is in heaven".43
PRODUCERS AND DIRECTORS
But the heaviest responsibility - though for a
different reason - falls on the directors and producers. The awareness of this
burden is not an obstacle to noble undertakings, but rather ought to strengthen
the minds of those who, endowed with good will, are influential by reason of
their money or natural talent in the production of films. In addition, it often
happens that film producers and directors meet a serious difficulty when the
circumstances and demands of their art come into contact with the precepts of
religion and the moral law. In that case, before the film is printed, or while
it is being produced, some competent advice should be sought and a sound plan
adopted to provide for both the spiritual good of the spectators and the
perfection of the work itself. Let these men not hesitate to consult the local
established Catholic Motion Pictures Office, which will readily come to their
assistance by delegating some qualified ecclesiastical adviser to look after
the business, should this be necessary, and so long as due precautions are
observed.
And the result of this confidence which they place
in the Church, will not be a lessening of their authority or popularity;
"for the Faith, until the end of time, will be the bulwark of the human
person"44 and in the production of the
works themselves, the human person will be enriched and perfected in the light
of Christian teaching and correct moral principles.
Nevertheless, ecclesiastics are not permitted to
offer their cooperation to film directors without the express consent of their
superiors, since, obviously, to give sound advice in this matter, special
excellence in the art and a more than ordinary training are essential, and a
decision on these cannot be left to the whim of individuals.
We therefore give a fatherly warning to Catholic
film directors and producers, not to permit films to be made which are opposed
to the Faith or Christian morals; but if, - which God forbid - this should
happen, it is the duty of the Bishops to admonish them, and, if necessary, to
impose appropriate sanctions.
But We are convinced that, to bring the Motion
Pictures to the heights of the "ideal film", nothing is more
effective than for those engaged in film production to act in conformity with
the commandments of Christian law.
Let those responsible for making films approach
the sources from which all the highest gifts flow, let them master the Gospel
teaching, and make themselves familiar with the Church's traditional doctrine
on the certainties of life, on happiness and virtue, on sorrow and sin, on body
and soul, on social problems and human desires; they will then obtain new and
excellent plots which they may adopt, and they will feel themselves inspired by
a fresh enthusiasm to produce works of lasting value.
Those initiatives and practices, therefore, must
be encouraged and extended by which their spiritual life is nourished, and
given strength and development; but particular attention must here be paid to
the christian training of those young people who are planning to enter the
cinema world professionally.
To conclude these instructions with regard to the
Motion Pictures, We urge State officials not on any account to lend support to
the production or making available of films of a low type, but, by establishing
suitable regulations, to lend their aid to the providing of decent film
programmes which can be commended, particularly when they are intended for
youth. When such large sums are being spent on public education, let them
direct their attention to this also: that reasonable assistance be given to
this matter, which is essentially a part of education.
But since in certain countries, and also in
international festivals, prizes are established and rightly awarded to those
films which are recommended for their educative and spiritual value, We trust
that all good and prudent men, following Our counsels, will strive to ensure
that the applause and approval of the general public will not be wanting, as a
prize for really worthwhile films.
3. RADIO
No less carefully do We desire to express to you,
Venerable Brethren, the anxiety which besets Us with regard to that other means
of communication which was introduced at the same period as the cinema: We
refer to Radio.
Though it is not endowed to anything like the same
extent with scenic properties and other advantages of time and place, as is the
cinema industry, sound radio has yet other advantages, not all of which have
yet been exploited.
For, as We said to the members and directors of a
broadcasting company, "this method of comunication is such that it is, as
it were, detached from and unrestricted by conditions of place and time which
block or delay all other methods of communication between men. On a kind of
winged flight much swifter than sound waves, with the speed of light, it passes
in a moment over all frontiers, and delivers the news committed to it".45
Brought to almost complete perfection by new
inventions, wireless telegraphy brings oustanding advantages to technical
processes, since, by means of a ray, pilotless machines may be directed to a
determined place. But We rightly think that the most excellent function which
falls to Radio is this: to enlighten and instruct men, and to direct their
minds and hearts towards higher and spiritual things.
But there is in men, though they may be within
their own homes, a deep desire to listen to other men, to obtain knowledge of
events happening far away, and to share in aspects of the social and cultural
life of others.
Hence it is not remarkable that a very large
number of houses have, within a short period of time, been equipped with
receiving sets, by which, as it were through secret windows opening on to the
world, contact is made night and day with the active life of men of different
civilizations, languages and races. This is brought about by the countless
wireless programmes which cover news, interviews, talks, and items conveying
useful and pleasant information derived from public events, the arts, singing,
and orchestral music.
For as We said recently, "how great is the
advantage enjoyed, how great the responsibility laid on men of the present day,
and how great the changes from times gone by when instruction in truth,
commandments of brotherly love, promises of everlasting happiness, came slowly
to men through the Apostles, treading the rough paths of that former age;
whereas, in our day, the divine message can be conveyed to tens and hundreds of
thousands of men at one and the some time".46
It befits Catholics, then, to make use of this
privilege of our day, and to draw extensively from the rich fund of doctrine,
recreation, art and also of the divine Word, which sound broadcasting brings to
them, since they can thus increase and widen their range of interests.
Everyone knows what a great contribution good
radio programmes can make to sound education; yet from the use of this
instrument there arises an obligation in conscience as in the other technical
arts, since it can be employed to achieve good or evil. Those words, then,
written in Scripture, can be applied to the art of Radio: "By it we bless
God and the Father ; and by it we curse men, who are made after the likeness of
God. Out of the same mouth proceed blessing and cursing".47
DUTY OF THE LISTENER
The first duty of the radio listener is that of
choosing carefully and deliberately from the programmes offered; these must not
be permitted to enter the home indiscriminately, but access should be given
them on the same principles as are observed in a deliberate and prudent
invitation to a friend. A person would act wrongly if he made no selection in
introducing friends into his home. So radio programmes which are given entrance
there, must be such as encourage truth and goodness, and do not draw members of
the family away from the fulfilment of their duty, whether to individuals or to
society; they should be such as strengthen them to carry out these duties
properly, and, in the case of children and youths, cause no harm, but rather
assist and extend the salutary control of parents and teachers.
Let the Catholic Offices for Radio set up in each
country, making use of Catholic daily papers and reviews, endeavour to inform
the faithful beforehand on the nature and value of the programmes. It will not
always be possible to give such advance notice; and often, these will only be
summary views, where the content of the programme cannot be known easily
beforehand.
Parish priests should warn their flocks that they
are forbidden by divine law to listen to radio programmes which are dangerous
to their Faith or morals, and they should exhort those engaged in the training
of youth, to be on the watch and to instill religious principles with regard to
the use of radio sets installed in the home.
Moreover, it is the duty of the Bishops to call on
the faithful to refrain from listening to stations which are known to broadcast
a defence of matter formally opposed to the Catholic Faith.
Another duty which binds listeners, is to make
known to the directors of the programmes their wishes and justifiable criticism.
This obligation arises clearly from the nature of sound radio, which is such
that a wholly one-sided policy may come into existence, namely, that directed
by the speaker to the listener. Although those systems of surveying public
opinion, which are increasing in these days, to find out the degree of interest
aroused in the listeners by each programme, are doubtless useful to those who
direct the programmes, yet it can happen that popular appreciation, more or
less vigorously expressed, can be attributed to trivial or transient causes, or
to enthusiasms with no rational basis, so that a judgment of this kind cannot
be taken as a sure guide for action.
That being the case, radio listeners ought to
rouse themselves to obtain a well-balanced opinion among the general public, by
which, while observing proper methods, these programmes are - according to
their merits - approved, supported, rebuked, thus bringing it about that the
art of Radio, considered as a method of education, "may serve the truth,
good morals, justice and love".48
To bring about this effect is the task of all
Catholic societies which are zealous for securing the good of Christians in
this matter. But in those countries where local circumstances suggest it,
groups of listeners or viewers can be organized for this purpose, under the
supervision of the National Motion Pictures, Radio and Television Offices
established in each country.
Finally, let listeners to the Radio be aware that
they are obliged to encourage reputable programmes, and particularly those by
which the mind is directed towards God. In this age in particular, when false
and pernicious doctrines are being spread over the air, when, by deliberate
"jamming", a kind of aerial "iron curtain" is being created
with the express purpose of preventing the entry of truth which would overthrow
the empire of atheistic materialism, in this age, We say, when hundreds of
thousands of the human race are still looking for the dawning light of the
Gospel message, when the sick and others likewise handicapped look forward
anxiously to taking part in some manner in the prayers and the ceremonies of
the Mass of the Christian community, should not the faithful, especially those
who make daily use of the advantages of the Radio, show themselves eager to
encourage programmes of this kind?
RELIGIOUS PROGRAMMES
We are fully aware of the effort already made in
some countries, and now being made, to increase the Catholic programmes from
Radio stations. Many, from among both clergy and laity, have been in the front
of the fight, and by vigorous exertions, have secured for religious radio
programmes a place befitting divine worship, which is more important than all
human affairs taken together.
But in the meantime, while We ponder to what
extent Radio can assist the work of the sacred ministry, and while We are moved
strongly by the command of our Divine Redeemer, "Going into the whole
world, preach the Gospel to every creature", 49
We feel We must exhort you paternally, Venerable Brethren, to strive -
according to the need and resources of your respective localities - to increase
in number and make more effective programmes dealing with Catholic affairs.
Since a properly dignified presentation of
liturgical ceremonies, of the truths of the Catholic Faith, and of events
connected with the Church, by means of Radio, obviously demands considerable
talent and skill, it is essential that both priests and laymen who are selected
for so important an activity should be well trained in suitable methods.
This end would clearly be assisted if, in
countries where Catholics employ the latest radio equipment and have day-to-day
experience, appropriate study and training courses could be arranged, by means
of which learners from other countries also could acquire that skill which is
indispensable if radio religious programmes are to attain the best artistic and
technical standards.
It will be the function of the National Offices to
encourage the various types of religious programmes within their territory and
to organize and coordinate them with each other; they will, in addition, offer
their cooperation, as far as possible, to the directors of the other Radio stations,
due care being observed that nothing creeps into these transmissions contrary
to sound morals.
With regard to ecclesiastics, including exempt
religious, who are engaged in Radio or Television stations, it will be the
Bishops' duty to impart suitable directives, the carrying out of which will be
committed to the various National Offices.
CATHOLIC RADIO STATIONS
We should like particularly to speak words of
encouragement to Catholic radio stations. We are fully aware of the almost
countless difficulties which have to be faced in this sphere; yet We trust that
this apostolic work which We value so highly, will be pursued by them with
energy and with mutual collaboration.
For Our part, We have arranged for the extension
and perfecting of the Vatican Radio Station which has done excellent work for
the Church, the salutary activity of which, as We declared to the Catholics of
Holland who contributed to it so generously, has well responded to "the
ardent desires and the vital needs of the whole Catholic world".50
PROGRAMME RESPONSIBILITY
Moreover, We desire to extend Our thanks to all
upright directors and producers of radio programmes for their fair assessment
of the needs of the Church to which many of them have borne testimony, either
by freely assigning a suitable time for the propagation of God's Word, or by
supplying the necessary equipment. By this way of acting, they are certainly
sharing in the special reward of apostolic work, even though it is being
carried out over the air, according to Our Lord's promise: "Who receives a
prophet in the name of a prophet, will receive the reward of a prophet".51
In these days, technical excellence in radio
programmes requires that they be in conformity to the true principles of the
art; hence their authors and those engaged in preparing and producing them must
be equipped with sound doctrine and a well-stored mind. Consequently, We
earnestly invite them also, as We did the members of the Motion Picture
industry, to make full use of that superabundance of material from the
storehouse of Christian civilization. Finally, let the bishops remind State
officials that it is part of their duty to exercise appropriate diligence in
safeguarding the transmission of programmes relating to the Catholic Church,
and that special consideration should be given to holy days and to the daily
spiritual needs of Christians.
4. TELEVISION
It remains, Venerable Brethren, to speak briefly
to you about Television, which, in the course of Our Pontificate, has in some
nations taken tremendous steps forward, and in others is gradually coming into
use.
The ever growing development of this art, which
beyond all doubt is an event of great importance in human history, has been
followed by Us with lively interest and high hopes, but also with serious
anxiety; and while on the one hand, We have, from the beginning, praised its
potentialities for good and the new advantages springing therefrom, We have
also, on the other hand, foreseen and pointed out the dangers, and the excesses
of those who misuse it.
There are many characteristics common to both
Television and Motion Pictures, for in both, pictures of the movement and the
excitement of life are presented to the eye ; often, too, Television material
is derived from existing films. Moreover, Television shares, in a sense, in the
nature and special power of sound broadcasting, for it is directed towards men
in their own homes rather than in theatres.
We consider it superfluous in this place to repeat
the warnings with regard to film and radio programmes, which We have already given
concerning the obligations binding, in this matter, on spectators, listeners,
producers and State officials.
Nor need We again refer to the care and diligence
which must be observed in the correct preparation and encouragement of the
different types of religious programmes.
CATHOLIC PROGRAMMES
It is well known to Us with what deep interest
vast numbers of spectators gaze at television programmes of Catholic events. It
is obvious, of course, - as We declared a few years ago 52 - that to be present at Mass portrayed by Television is not the
same as being actually present at the Divine Sacrifice, as is of obligation on
holy days. However, from religious ceremonies, as seen on Television, valuable
fruits for the strengthening of the Faith and the renewal of fervour can be
obtained by all those who, for some reason, are unable to be actually present;
consequently, We are convinced that We may wholeheartedly commend programmes of
this kind.
In each country, it will be for the Bishops to
judge of the suitability of televised religious programmes, and commit their
execution to the established Office, which, of course, as in similar matters,
will be active and alert to publish information, to instruct the minds of the
audience, and to organize and coordinate exerything in a manner in keeping with
Christian morals.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS ON TELEVISION
But Television, besides the common element which
it shares with the other two inventions for spreading information, of which We
have already spoken, has a power and efficacy of its own. For, by the art of
Television, it is possible for the spectators to grasp by the eye and the ear,
events happening far away at the very moment at which they are taking place,
and thus to be drawn on, as it were, to take an active part in them; and this
sense of immediacy is increased very much by the home surroundings.
This special power which Television enjoys, of
giving pleasure within the family circle, is to be reckoned of very great
importance, since it can contribute a great deal to the religious life, the
intellectual development and the habits of those who make up the family; of the
sons, especially, whom the more modern invention will certainly influence and
captivate. But if that saying, "a little leaven corrupteth the whole
mass"53 corresponds at all to the truth,
and if physical growth in youths can be prevented, by some infectious germ,
from reaching full maturity, much more can some base element of education steal
its way into the fibres of the religious life, and check the due shaping of
morals. Everyone knows well that, very often, children can avoid the transient
attack of a disease outside their own home, but cannot escape it when it lurks
within the home itself.
It is wrong to introduce risk in any form into the
sanctity of home surroundings; the Church, therefore, as her right and duty
demand, has always striven with all her force to prevent these sacred portals
suffering violence, under any pretext, from evil television shows.
Since Television certainly has this among other
advantages, that both old and young can easily remain at home, it can have
considerable influence in strengthening the bonds of loyalty and love within
the family circle, provided the screen displays nothing which is contrary to
those same virtues of loyalty and chaste love.
There are, however, some who completely deny that,
at least at the present time, these lofty demands can be put into practice. For
they repeatedly assert that the contract made with the spectators in no way
permits any part of the time allotted to television to be left unoccupied;
further, that they are forced by the necessity of always having a variety of
progammes ready to hand, to put on shows sometimes which were originally
intended only for the public theatre; and finally, that television is an affair
not just for the young but for grown-ups as well. We admit that in this matter
difficulties readily occur; nevertheless, their solution should not be
postponed to some future date, for the practice of this art, hitherto not
controlled by the reins of prudent counsel, has already inflicted serious harm
on individuals and on human society; the extent of this damage up to the
present time can be gauged only with difficulty.
But in order that the unravelling of these
difficulties may advance side by side with the increasing use of Television in
each country, the most urgent efforts should be devoted to the preparation of
the different shows, ensuring that they correspond to ethical and psychological
requirements as well as to the technical aspects of Television.
For this reason We paternally exhort Catholics,
well-qualified by their learning, sound doctrine and knowledge of the arts, -
and in particular clerics, and members of Religious Orders and Congregations -
to turn their attention to this new art and give their active cooperation, so
that whatever benefits the past and true progress have contributed to the
mind's development, may be also employed in full measure to the advantage of
Television.
In addition, it is essential that producers of
television films take care not only to preserve intact religious and honourable
principles, but also to be on special guard against the danger which the young
may perhaps fall into, if they are present at shows intended for grown-ups.
With regard to similar performances which are put on in cinemas and theatres,
in order to preserve the common good, appropriate precautions have been
deliberately taken in almost all civilized countries, with the object of
keeping young people away from immoral entertainments. But it is common
knowledge that television - and with greater reason - needs the benefits and
safeguards of alert vigilance. It is praiseworthy that, in some countries,
items forbidden to the young are excluded from the television programmes; but
if it happens that certain places admit such, then, at least, definite
precautions are absolutely essential.
It is useless for anyone to suppose that excellent
principles and an upright conscience on the part of those engaged in these arts
are sufficient either to ensure that nothing but good flows from the small
white screen, or to remove all that is evil. In this matter, then, prudence and
watchful care are especially demanded of those who make use of television. Due
moderation in its use, prudence in admitting the children to viewing according
to their different ages, a balanced judgment based on what has been seen
before, and finally, exclusion of children from what are in any sense improper
spectacles: all these are the duties which weigh heavily on parents and on all
engaged in education.
We do not overlook the fact that the directives We
have just given in the last section, can sometimes produce serious difficulties
and considerable inconveniences; for the awareness of their role as educators
will often demand that parents give clear example to their offspring, and also
bid them deny themselves - not without some personal sacrifice - some
programmes they would like to see. But who thinks the burden on parents is too
heavy when the supreme good of the children is at stake?
This being so, - as We declared in a letter to the
Italian Bishops - "it is a most pressing need that the conscience of
Catholics with regard to television should be formed by the sound principles of
the Christian religion";54 the more so, in
order that this kind of art may not be at the service of error or the squares
of vice, but may prove to be rather a help" to educate and train men, and
recall them to their higher state".55
CONCLUSION
TO THE CLERGY
We cannot conclude this Letter, Venerable
Brethren, without recalling to your mind the importance of the function
committed to the priest for encouraging and mastering the inventions which
affect communication, not only in other spheres of the apostolate, but
especially in this essential work of the Church.
He ought to have a sound knowledge of all
questions which confront the souls of Christians with regard to Motion
Pictures, Radio and Television. As We said in a discourse to those taking part
in a Study Week for the bringing up to date of pastoral practice in Italy at
the present time, "The priest with `the care of souls' can and must know
what modern science, art and technique assert whenever they touch on the end of
man and his moral and religious life".56
Let him learn to use these aids correctly as often as, in the prudent judgment
of ecclesiastical authority, the nature of the ministry entrusted to him and
the need of assisting an increasing number of souls demand it. Finally, if
these arts are employed by the priest to advantage, his prudence, self-control
and sense of responsibility will shine out as an example to all Christians.
SUMMING UP
We decided to lay before you, Venerable Brethren,
Our thoughts and anxieties, which you, of course, also share, concerning the
grave dangers which can beset Christian Faith and morals if the powerful
inventions of Motion Pictures, Radio and Television are perverted by men to
evil uses.
We have not, however, passed over the benefits and
advantages which these modern instruments can bring. To this end, with the
precepts of the Christian Faith and Natural Law to enlighten Us, We have
explained the principles which must guide and regulate both the action of the
directors of the means of publicity, and the conscience of those who use them.
And for the same reason, namely, that the gifts of Divine Providence may secure
the good of souls, We have paternally exhorted you not only to exercise a
watchful care, but also to use positive action and authority. For it is the
function of those National Offices, which on this occasion also We have
commended to you, not only to preserve and defend, but, more especially, to
direct, organize and assist the many educational projects which have been begun
in many countries, so that by means of this difficult and extensive province of
the arts, the christian ideas may be ever more widely spread.
But since We have firm confidence in the ultimate
triumph of God's cause, We do not doubt that these precepts and instructions of
Ours - which We entrust for due execution to the Pontifical Commission for
Motion Pictures, Radio and Television - can rouse new enthusiasm for the
apostolate in this sphere, which promises such a plenteous and fruitful
harvest.
Relying on this hope, which Our well-founded
knowledge of your pastoral zeal very much strengthens, We impart with all Our
heart, as a pledge of heavenly graces, the Apostolic Benediction on you,
Venerable Brethren, as well as on the clergy and people committed to your care
and in particular on those who work actively to bring our desires and
instructions to fulfilment.
From St Peter's, Rome, the eighth day of
September, the feast of Our Lady's Nativity 1957, the nineteenth year of Our
Pontificate.
PIUS XII POPE
NOTES
1 S. IOAN. CHRYS., De consubstantiali, contra Anomoeos:
P.G., 48, 810.
2 Ephes. III,8-9
3 I Petr. I, 18-19.
4 Radiophonicum nuntium Qui arcano, d. 12 Februarii, a.
1931: A. A. S., vol. XXIII, 1931, pag. 65.
5 Epist. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A. A.
S., vol. XXVIII, 1936, pag. 249 sq.
6 Ibid. pag. 251.
7 Cfr. A. A. S., d. 16 Decembris, a. 1954, vol. XLVI, 1964,
pag. 783-784.
8 Cfr. Sermo ad catholicos Hollandiae, d. 19 Maii, a. 1950
habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. XII, pag. 75.
9 Rom. X, 16.
10 Matth. XXII, 16.
11 Cfr. Sermo ad cultores cinematographicae artis ex Italia
Romae congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. 1955: A. A S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag 504.
12 Cfr. Matth., XI, 30.
13 Cfr. Sermo ad radiophonicae artis cultorum coetum, d. 5
Maii, a. 1950 ex omnibus Nationibus Romae habitum: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di
S. S. Pio XII, vol. XII, pag. 54.
14 Rom. V, 5.
15 Cfr. Matth. V, 48.
16 Litt. Apost. d. 12
Ianuarii, a. 1951: A. A. S., vol XLV, 1952, pag. 216-217.
17 Ibid. pag. 216.
18 Matth. XIII, 27.
19 Matth. XIII, 28.
20 I Thess. V, 21-22.
21 Cfr. Sermo, quinto exeunte saeculo ab Angelici obitu, in Aedibus
Vaticanis habitus d. 20 Aprilis, a. 1955: A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag.
291-292; Litt. Enc. Musicae Sacrae, d. 25 Decembris, a 1955: A. A. S., vol.
XLVIII, 1956, pag. 10.
22 Cfr. Rom. 11, 15.
23 Sermo ad cultores artis cinematographicae ex Italia Romae
congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. l955: A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag. 505.
24 S. THOM., Summ.
Theol., I. q. 1, a. 9.
25 Cfr. Ibid. I, q. 67, a. 1.
26 Sermo ad sodales Radiophonicae Societatis Italiae, d. 3
Decembris, a. 1944 habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio Xll, vol. VI,
pag. 209.
27 Sermo ad Nationum Societatis Consilium publicis ordinandis
nuntiis, d. 24 Aprilis, a. 1956 habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio
Xll, vol. XVIII, pag. 137.
28 Cfr. Ioan. VIII, 32
29 Cfr. Nuntius radiophonicus ad christifideles Columbianae
Reipublicae, d. 11 Aprilis, a. 1953 habitus, cum Statio Radiophonica
Sutacentiae inaugurabatur: A. A. S., vol. XLV, 1953, pag. 294.
30 Ep Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A. A. S.,
vol. XXVIII, 1936, pag. 255.
31 Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura: ibid. pag. 254.
32 Cfr. Adhortatio de televisione, d. 1 Ianuarii, a. 1954: A.
A. S., vol. XLIV, a. 1964, pag. 21.
33 Cfr. Sermo ad moderatores, docentes, et cultores
Consociationis ex omnibus Nationibus Institutorum Archaeologiae, Historiae, et
Artis Historiae, d. 9 Martii, a. 1956, habita: A. A. S., vol XLVIII, 1966, pag.
212.
34 Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A. A. S.,
vol. XXVIII, 1936, pag. 261.
35 Cfr. Sermo ad cinematographicae artis cultores ex Italia
Romae congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. 1955, A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag.
501-502.
36 Cfr. Sermo ad cinematographicae artis cultores, d. 28
Octobris, a. 1955, Romae congregatos: A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag.
817.
37 Cfr. Sermones d. 21
Iunii et 28 Octobris, a. 1955 habiti: ibid., pag. 502, 505 et 816 sq.
38 Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A. A. S.,
vol. XXVIII, 1936, pag. 260-261.
39 Cfr. Sermo ad cultores cinematographicae artis ex Italia
Romae congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. 1955: A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag. 512.
40 Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii a. l936: A. A. S.,
vol. XXVIII, 1936, pag. 260.
41 Cfr. Pii XII sermo ad Urbis Parochos sacrosque per
Quadragesimae tempus Oratores die 5 Martii 1957 habitus: vide diarium
L'Osservatore Romano, 6 Martii 1957.
42 Cfr. Sermo de arte scaenica d. 26 Augusti, a. 1945 habitus:
Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. VII, pag. 157.
43 Matth. V, 16.
44 Cfr. Epist. Pii XII
ad christifideles Germaniae, ob conventum a "Katholikentag"
appellatum, Berolinum congregatos die 10 Augusti, a. 1952: A. A. S., vol. XLIV, 1952, pag. 725.
45 Cfr. Sermo d. 3 Decembris, a. 1944 habitus: Discorsi e
Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. VI, pag. 209.
46 Cfr. Nuntius radiophonicus ad eos qui interfuerunt tertio
generali conventui de communicationibus inter cives et nationes, sexagesimo
volvente anno a radiotelegraphia inventa, Genuae habito: A. A. S. vol. XLVII,
1955, pag.736.
47 Iac. III, 9-10.
48 Cfr. Sermo Pii XII d. 3 Octobris, a. 1917 quinquagesimo
expleto anno ab arte radiophonica inventa habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di
S. S. Pio XII, vol. IX, pag. 267.
49 Marc. XVI, l5
50 Cfr. Sermo ad Hollandiae catholicos, d. 19 Maii, a. 195O
habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. XII, pag. 75.
51 Matth. X, 41.
52 Cfr. Sermo ad radiophonicae artis cultores conventum ex
omnibus Nationibus participantes: d. 5 Maii, a. 1950; Discorsi e Radiomessaggi
di S S. Pio XII, vol. XII, pag. 75.
54 Gal. V, 9.
54 Cfr. Adhortatio Apostolica, de televisione, d. 1 Ianuarii.
a. 1954: A.A.S., vol. XLVI, 1954, pag. 23.
55 Cfr. Sermo de gravi televisionis momento, d. 21 Octobris,
a. 1955: A. A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pag. 777
56 Cfr. Sermo d. 14 Septembris, a. I956 habitus: A. A. S. vol.
XLVIII, 1956, pag. 707.